library(ggplot2)
library(tidyverse)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
df.LF <- tibble(year=character(),gender=character(),laborforce=double())
cnames <- colnames(by.gender)
df.bySEX <- filter(by.gender,gender=="MEN"|gender=="WOMEN")
for (i in 1:nrow(df.bySEX)) {
    for (j in 2:ncol(df.bySEX)){
      year <- substr(cnames[j],3,6)
      gender <- df.bySEX$gender[i]
      laborforce <- df.bySEX[[j]][i]/1000
      df.LF <- add_row(df.LF,year,gender,laborforce)
    }
}
df.LF


bplt.LF <- ggplot(df.LF, aes(x=year, y=laborforce, fill=gender)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity", position=position_dodge()) +
  theme_bw() 
xy.lbl <- bplt.LF + labs(x="Year",y="Labor Force (millions)")
xy.lbl + theme(
  axis.title.x = element_text(vjust=0),
  axis.title.y = element_text(vjust=4),
  axis.text.x = element_text(face="bold", color="black"),
  axis.text.y = element_text(face="bold", color="black"),
  plot.margin = margin(1,0.8,1,1.2, "cm")
)